apps like adobe fill and sign

9+ Best Adobe Fill & Sign App Alternatives

by

9+ Best Adobe Fill & Sign App Alternatives

Software applications that provide functionality analogous to Adobe Fill & Sign enable users to electronically complete, sign, and send documents. This typically includes features for adding text, inserting checkmarks, drawing signatures, and managing form fields within PDF and other document formats. Examples encompass applications offering similar signature capture and form-filling capabilities available on both desktop and mobile platforms.

The importance of such applications lies in their capacity to streamline workflows, reduce reliance on paper-based processes, and expedite document processing. The convenience they offer translates to increased efficiency and reduced operational costs. Historically, the need for physical signatures on documents necessitated printing, signing, scanning, and emailing, a process replaced by the immediacy and accessibility of these tools.

The following sections will delve into specific functionalities commonly found within these applications, explore their various deployment options, and outline criteria to consider when selecting the optimal solution to meet individual or organizational needs.

1. Digital Signature Capture

Digital signature capture is a fundamental component of applications designed to replicate the functionality of Adobe Fill & Sign. It facilitates the secure and legally binding electronic signing of documents, replacing the need for physical signatures and paper-based processes.

  • Biometric Signature Authentication

    Biometric signature authentication involves capturing unique aspects of an individual’s signature, such as pen pressure, speed, and rhythm. This data is used to verify the signer’s identity, adding an extra layer of security compared to simple image-based signatures. Applications employing this method enhance the authenticity and defensibility of electronically signed documents.

  • Certificate-Based Digital Signatures

    Certificate-based digital signatures rely on digital certificates issued by trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs). These certificates bind the signer’s identity to the signed document, ensuring non-repudiation and tamper evidence. This method is often used in scenarios requiring high levels of security and legal compliance, such as government filings and legal agreements.

  • Signature Image Capture

    Signature image capture involves creating a digital representation of a handwritten signature, typically through a touchscreen or mouse. While less secure than biometric or certificate-based methods, it provides a convenient way to quickly sign documents electronically. Applications often allow users to save their signature image for repeated use, streamlining the signing process.

  • Timestamping

    Timestamping adds a verified date and time to a digital signature, providing irrefutable proof of when the document was signed. This is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the signature over time, as it prevents manipulation or alteration of the document without invalidating the timestamp. Timestamping services are often provided by trusted third-party providers.

The integration of these various digital signature capture methods within software similar to Adobe Fill & Sign enables users to select the level of security and authentication appropriate for their specific needs. The selection process balances user convenience with the legal and regulatory requirements of the document being signed, contributing to the overall efficiency and security of electronic document workflows.

2. Form Field Recognition

Form field recognition is a critical feature in applications mirroring the functionality of Adobe Fill & Sign, enabling automated identification and categorization of interactive elements within documents. This technology streamlines the document completion process, enhancing user experience and minimizing manual data entry.

  • Automated Field Detection

    Automated field detection involves algorithms that analyze document layouts to identify text boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, and other interactive elements. This reduces the need for users to manually define fields, accelerating the form-filling process. An example is the automatic recognition of address fields in a standardized form, prompting the user to input their address information directly into the pre-defined boxes. Misidentification or failure to detect fields correctly can lead to incomplete or inaccurate form submissions.

  • Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Integration

    OCR integration allows applications to extract text from scanned documents or images and convert it into editable and searchable text. This enables the automated creation of form fields from previously non-interactive documents. A practical example is using OCR to transform a scanned paper application form into a fillable PDF, thus expanding the accessibility of older documents. The accuracy of OCR directly impacts the reliability of form field creation, as errors in text recognition can result in misplaced or mislabeled fields.

  • Data Validation Rules

    Data validation rules ensure that users enter data in the correct format, enhancing data quality and reducing errors. These rules can enforce specific data types, character limits, or acceptable value ranges for each field. For instance, a field for telephone numbers can be configured to only accept numerical inputs and to conform to a specific length. Inadequate validation rules can lead to users entering incorrect information, compromising the integrity of the data collected.

  • Template Creation and Management

    Template creation and management allows users to save frequently used form layouts as templates, streamlining the process of creating new fillable documents. These templates can be shared across teams, ensuring consistency and standardization of data collection. Consider a standardized invoice template that automatically populates company logos and contact information, requiring only variable data such as invoice number and amount. Ineffective template management can result in inconsistencies in branding and data collection across different documents.

The effectiveness of form field recognition directly impacts the user experience and efficiency of applications like Adobe Fill & Sign. Accurate field detection, robust OCR integration, comprehensive data validation rules, and efficient template management are all crucial factors in ensuring these applications provide a streamlined and error-free document completion process.

3. Multi-Platform Accessibility

Multi-platform accessibility is a critical attribute for software applications intended to replicate the functionality of Adobe Fill & Sign. The ability to access, complete, and sign documents across a diverse range of devices and operating systems significantly enhances user convenience, efficiency, and overall adoption of these tools.

  • Web Browser Compatibility

    Web browser compatibility ensures that the application functions seamlessly within various web browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari) on both desktop and mobile devices. This eliminates the need for users to download and install dedicated software, allowing for immediate access to document signing and completion capabilities. Consider a scenario where a remote employee needs to sign an urgent contract; web browser compatibility enables them to complete the task using any available device with internet access, irrespective of the installed operating system.

  • Mobile Operating System Support

    Mobile operating system support provides optimized functionality for both iOS and Android platforms. Dedicated mobile applications often leverage device-specific features, such as touchscreens and camera integration, to enhance the user experience. For example, a mobile app can utilize the device’s camera to scan a physical document and automatically convert it into a fillable form. Limited or absent mobile support restricts the accessibility of these tools to users who primarily rely on smartphones and tablets.

  • Desktop Application Availability

    Desktop application availability offers a dedicated software client for Windows and macOS operating systems. These desktop applications often provide more advanced features and functionalities compared to web-based or mobile versions, such as offline access and advanced document editing capabilities. Professionals who regularly process large volumes of documents or require sophisticated editing tools often prefer desktop applications due to their enhanced performance and expanded feature sets.

  • Responsive Design Implementation

    Responsive design implementation ensures that the application’s user interface automatically adapts to different screen sizes and resolutions. This provides a consistent and optimal user experience across various devices, preventing usability issues such as distorted layouts or unreadable text. Imagine a user switching between a large desktop monitor and a small tablet; responsive design ensures that the application remains intuitive and easy to navigate on both devices. The lack of responsive design can lead to frustrating user experiences and decreased productivity, especially on smaller screens.

The significance of multi-platform accessibility within applications akin to Adobe Fill & Sign lies in its capacity to empower users to complete document-related tasks from virtually any location and using any device. This pervasive accessibility fosters increased productivity, accelerates workflows, and promotes wider adoption of electronic document management practices.

4. Document Security Features

Document security features constitute an indispensable component of applications designed to replicate the functionality of Adobe Fill & Sign. The integrity and confidentiality of documents processed through these applications are paramount, necessitating robust security measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure.

  • Encryption Protocols

    Encryption protocols safeguard document content by converting it into an unreadable format, rendering it unintelligible to unauthorized parties. Strong encryption algorithms, such as AES-256, are employed to scramble the data during transmission and storage. An example is the encryption of a signed contract before it is stored in the cloud, preventing unauthorized access even in the event of a data breach. Inadequate encryption renders documents vulnerable to interception and decryption, exposing sensitive information to potential risks.

  • Access Controls and Permissions

    Access controls and permissions define the levels of access granted to different users or groups, restricting unauthorized access to documents and their functionalities. Role-based access control (RBAC) is a common implementation, assigning specific permissions based on user roles within an organization. Consider a scenario where only designated HR personnel are granted access to employee performance reviews stored within the application. Lax access controls can lead to unauthorized viewing, modification, or deletion of sensitive documents.

  • Audit Trails and Activity Logging

    Audit trails and activity logging provide a comprehensive record of all actions performed on a document, including who accessed it, when it was accessed, and what changes were made. This facilitates accountability and enables the detection of suspicious activity. An example is the logging of all signature attempts on a financial transaction form, providing an auditable record in case of dispute. Absence of audit trails hinders the ability to track document usage and identify potential security breaches.

  • Digital Certificates and Authentication

    Digital certificates and authentication methods verify the identity of users and ensure the authenticity of signed documents. Digital certificates, issued by trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs), bind a user’s identity to their digital signature. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide multiple forms of identification. Enforcing digital certificate-based signatures on legal agreements ensures that the signer is who they claim to be. Weak authentication methods can be exploited by malicious actors to impersonate legitimate users and forge signatures.

These document security features, when implemented effectively, collectively contribute to a secure and trustworthy environment for processing sensitive documents via applications similar to Adobe Fill & Sign. The selection and implementation of appropriate security measures should align with the specific risk profile and compliance requirements of the organization utilizing the software.

5. Workflow Automation Integration

The integration of workflow automation capabilities within software applications that perform functions similar to Adobe Fill & Sign provides substantial efficiency gains and operational improvements. Workflow automation, in this context, involves the use of pre-defined rules and processes to automatically route documents, trigger notifications, and execute tasks based on specific events or conditions. The inclusion of workflow automation significantly enhances the value proposition of such applications by streamlining document processing and reducing manual intervention. For instance, upon completion of a form, the application can automatically route it to the appropriate department for review and approval, triggering email notifications to relevant personnel at each stage of the process. This eliminates the need for manual document routing and tracking, reducing processing time and minimizing the risk of human error.

Practical applications of workflow automation integration are diverse and span various industries. In human resources, onboarding documents can be automatically routed to different departments upon completion, triggering background checks and system access requests. In sales, completed contracts can automatically trigger invoicing and order fulfillment processes. In legal departments, signed agreements can be automatically archived and linked to relevant case files. The absence of workflow automation necessitates manual handling of documents, introducing delays and increasing the likelihood of errors, which ultimately impacts operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. Understanding the nuances of workflow automation within these applications is crucial for maximizing their potential and realizing tangible business benefits. The level of customization and the available integration points with other business systems are critical factors to consider when evaluating different solutions.

In summary, workflow automation integration significantly enhances the capabilities of applications like Adobe Fill & Sign by automating document routing, notifications, and task execution. This results in improved efficiency, reduced manual effort, and minimized errors. The practical significance lies in the ability to streamline document-centric processes across various departments and industries, ultimately contributing to increased productivity and improved business outcomes. Challenges may arise in configuring complex workflows and ensuring seamless integration with existing IT infrastructure. Therefore, a thorough understanding of workflow automation principles and careful planning are essential for successful implementation and realization of the intended benefits.

6. Cloud Storage Compatibility

Cloud storage compatibility, in the context of applications providing functionalities similar to Adobe Fill & Sign, is a critical element that significantly impacts accessibility, collaboration, and data management. It allows users to seamlessly integrate their document workflows with popular cloud storage services such as Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, and Box. This integration allows for direct access to documents stored in the cloud, enabling users to fill and sign them without the need for local downloads and uploads. Furthermore, completed and signed documents can be automatically saved back to the cloud, ensuring version control and simplifying document organization. The absence of cloud storage compatibility necessitates a more cumbersome process of manually transferring documents between local storage and cloud services, which introduces inefficiencies and increases the risk of data loss or corruption.

Real-world examples highlight the practical significance of this compatibility. A sales team, for instance, can directly access contracts stored in their shared Google Drive folder, fill in customer details, obtain signatures electronically, and automatically save the completed contracts back to the same folder, all within the application interface. This streamlined workflow ensures that all team members have immediate access to the latest versions of critical documents. Similarly, a legal team can integrate with OneDrive to manage sensitive legal documents, ensuring compliance with data security policies and facilitating collaborative review processes. The advantages of cloud storage compatibility extend beyond mere convenience; they provide enhanced security, improved collaboration, and streamlined document management across various organizational functions.

In conclusion, cloud storage compatibility is an indispensable feature for applications that seek to emulate the capabilities of Adobe Fill & Sign. It streamlines document workflows, enhances accessibility, facilitates collaboration, and strengthens data management practices. While challenges may arise in ensuring seamless integration with various cloud storage providers and maintaining consistent performance across different platforms, the benefits of cloud storage compatibility far outweigh the potential drawbacks. The ability to directly access, process, and store documents in the cloud contributes to increased productivity, reduced operational costs, and improved overall efficiency in document-centric workflows.

7. Audit Trail Generation

Audit trail generation is a critical security and compliance component within applications functioning as alternatives to Adobe Fill & Sign. Its presence facilitates the detailed tracking of document-related activities, providing a chronological record of who accessed a document, when access occurred, and what modifications, if any, were implemented. The cause-and-effect relationship is straightforward: actions performed within the application directly result in corresponding entries within the audit trail. This creates a traceable history, essential for regulatory compliance, dispute resolution, and internal investigations. For example, if a contract is altered without authorization, the audit trail can pinpoint the user responsible and the specific changes made, enabling timely corrective action. This capability significantly enhances the trustworthiness and defensibility of electronically signed documents.

The practical significance of audit trail generation extends across various industries. In the financial sector, compliance with regulations such as SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) mandates the maintenance of detailed audit logs for all financial transactions and related documents. Applications providing electronic signature capabilities must therefore incorporate robust audit trail features to meet these stringent requirements. Similarly, in healthcare, HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) requires the tracking of access to and modifications of protected health information (PHI). Audit trails are thus essential for demonstrating compliance and preventing unauthorized access to sensitive patient data. The information captured typically includes timestamps, user identification, IP addresses, and specific actions performed, such as document viewing, editing, signing, and downloading. Without this level of detail, maintaining data integrity and demonstrating regulatory compliance becomes substantially more difficult.

In summary, audit trail generation is not merely a supplementary feature, but an integral aspect of secure and compliant applications similar to Adobe Fill & Sign. It establishes accountability, facilitates regulatory compliance, and provides a verifiable record of document-related activities. While challenges exist in managing and analyzing large volumes of audit data effectively, the benefits of enhanced security, traceability, and compliance far outweigh the complexities involved. The ability to generate comprehensive audit trails is a key differentiator in selecting an electronic signature solution, ensuring that organizations can confidently rely on the integrity and authenticity of their electronically signed documents.

8. User Authentication Protocols

User authentication protocols are paramount for securing applications that offer functionalities mirroring Adobe Fill & Sign. These protocols are the mechanisms by which the identity of a user is verified before access to sensitive documents and signature capabilities is granted. The selection and implementation of appropriate authentication methods directly impact the security and trustworthiness of the entire electronic signature workflow.

  • Password-Based Authentication

    Password-based authentication is a foundational protocol requiring users to provide a predefined password for verification. While ubiquitous, its security relies heavily on password strength and user behavior. In the context of applications similar to Adobe Fill & Sign, weak or compromised passwords can expose sensitive documents to unauthorized access. Strong password policies, coupled with regular password updates, are essential to mitigate this risk. However, password-based authentication alone is increasingly insufficient for safeguarding sensitive information in modern environments.

  • Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

    Multi-factor authentication (MFA) enhances security by requiring users to provide multiple forms of verification, such as a password combined with a one-time code sent to a mobile device or a biometric scan. In the context of document signing applications, MFA significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access, even if a password is compromised. For instance, requiring a fingerprint scan or a code from an authenticator app in addition to a password provides a robust layer of security against phishing attacks and credential theft. This is particularly critical when dealing with legally binding documents or sensitive personal information.

  • Biometric Authentication

    Biometric authentication utilizes unique biological traits, such as fingerprints, facial recognition, or iris scans, to verify user identity. In applications emulating Adobe Fill & Sign, biometric authentication offers a convenient and highly secure method for accessing and signing documents. For example, a user can unlock the application and digitally sign a contract using their fingerprint, eliminating the need to remember complex passwords. The inherent uniqueness of biometric data makes it difficult for unauthorized individuals to impersonate legitimate users. However, concerns regarding data privacy and the potential for biometric data breaches must be addressed through robust security measures.

  • Certificate-Based Authentication

    Certificate-based authentication relies on digital certificates issued by trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs) to verify user identity. These certificates are stored on the user’s device and used to authenticate their access to the application. In the context of applications offering electronic signature capabilities, certificate-based authentication provides a high level of assurance regarding user identity and document integrity. This method is often employed in scenarios requiring strong legal defensibility, such as government filings and regulated industries. The reliance on trusted CAs and the use of cryptographic keys ensure that only authorized individuals can access and sign documents.

The integration of these user authentication protocols within applications replicating the functionality of Adobe Fill & Sign is essential for maintaining the security and integrity of electronic document workflows. The selection of appropriate authentication methods should align with the sensitivity of the documents being processed and the specific security requirements of the organization. Implementing robust authentication protocols is not merely a technical consideration; it is a fundamental requirement for establishing trust and confidence in the electronic signature process.

9. Template Customization Options

Template customization options, within software applications mirroring the functionality of Adobe Fill & Sign, represent a critical facet of usability and adaptability. These options empower users to tailor pre-designed document layouts to meet specific requirements, streamlining document creation and ensuring consistency across various applications. Their significance stems from the need for organizations to maintain brand uniformity and adapt forms to specific workflows, which generic, out-of-the-box solutions often fail to address adequately.

  • Branding Elements Integration

    Branding elements integration encompasses the ability to incorporate logos, color schemes, and font styles consistent with an organization’s branding guidelines into document templates. This ensures that all generated documents adhere to corporate identity standards. For example, a sales contract template might automatically include the company logo in the header and use a specific color palette for headings and text, reinforcing brand recognition. In applications emulating Adobe Fill & Sign, such capabilities maintain a professional and consistent brand image across all communications.

  • Field Configuration and Placement

    Field configuration and placement allows for the addition, deletion, and repositioning of form fields within a template, accommodating varying data collection requirements. This facilitates the creation of customized forms tailored to specific processes or departments. For instance, an employee onboarding form might require additional fields for collecting specific data pertinent to certain roles or locations. Template customization options within applications like Adobe Fill & Sign facilitate adapting forms to the unique needs of different business units.

  • Conditional Logic Implementation

    Conditional logic implementation enables the creation of dynamic templates that adapt based on user input. Form fields can be displayed, hidden, or made required based on responses to previous questions, streamlining the data collection process and minimizing irrelevant information. Consider an insurance claim form where specific sections only appear based on the type of claim selected. In applications providing electronic signature and form-filling features, conditional logic enhances user experience by presenting only relevant information, thereby reducing errors and completion time.

  • Workflow Integration Points

    Workflow integration points allow for the customization of template behavior in conjunction with broader business processes. Templates can be configured to trigger automated actions upon completion, such as sending notifications, initiating approvals, or updating databases. For example, a completed purchase order template might automatically trigger an email to the accounting department and update inventory levels in the ERP system. Such integration points, within systems offering similar functions to Adobe Fill & Sign, facilitate seamless integration with existing workflows, increasing overall efficiency.

The customization options discussed are integral to the effective deployment of applications designed to emulate Adobe Fill & Sign. By empowering users to adapt templates to their specific needs, these options enhance usability, maintain branding consistency, and facilitate seamless integration with existing business processes. The degree of customization offered often serves as a key differentiator in selecting the optimal solution for an organization’s document management requirements.

Frequently Asked Questions

This section addresses common inquiries regarding software applications that provide functionality analogous to Adobe Fill & Sign, clarifying their capabilities and addressing potential misconceptions.

Question 1: Are applications resembling Adobe Fill & Sign legally binding?

The legal validity of electronic signatures obtained through such applications depends on adherence to relevant legal frameworks, such as the ESIGN Act in the United States and eIDAS regulation in the European Union. These laws generally recognize electronic signatures as legally binding, provided certain requirements are met, including intent to sign, attribution of the signature to the signer, and integrity of the signed document. Consult legal counsel to ensure compliance with specific jurisdictional requirements.

Question 2: What security measures should be expected in applications similar to Adobe Fill & Sign?

Robust security measures are critical. Expect features such as encryption protocols for data in transit and at rest, access controls to restrict unauthorized access, audit trails to track document activities, and multi-factor authentication to verify user identity. Adherence to industry security standards, such as SOC 2 compliance, is also indicative of a secure application.

Question 3: Can applications comparable to Adobe Fill & Sign integrate with existing business systems?

Integration capabilities vary. Many applications offer APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) or pre-built connectors to integrate with CRM (Customer Relationship Management), ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), and other business systems. This integration streamlines workflows and eliminates the need for manual data transfer. Evaluate integration options carefully to ensure compatibility with the existing IT infrastructure.

Question 4: What document formats are supported by applications analogous to Adobe Fill & Sign?

PDF (Portable Document Format) is generally the most widely supported format. However, many applications also support other common document formats, such as Microsoft Word (.docx), text files (.txt), and image files (.jpg, .png). Verify that the application supports the document formats commonly used within the organization.

Question 5: Are applications similar to Adobe Fill & Sign accessible on mobile devices?

Multi-platform accessibility is a common feature. Most applications offer web-based interfaces accessible through mobile browsers or dedicated mobile applications for iOS and Android devices. The availability of mobile access facilitates document completion and signature capture from any location.

Question 6: What is the cost structure of applications mirroring Adobe Fill & Sign?

Pricing models vary. Some applications offer subscription-based plans with recurring fees, while others offer one-time purchase licenses. Subscription plans may be tiered based on the number of users, the volume of documents processed, or the availability of advanced features. Evaluate the total cost of ownership, including initial investment and ongoing maintenance, before making a decision.

In summary, understanding the legal implications, security features, integration capabilities, document format support, mobile accessibility, and cost structure of applications similar to Adobe Fill & Sign is crucial for selecting the optimal solution. Thorough evaluation and careful planning are essential for successful implementation and realization of the intended benefits.

The next section will provide a comparative analysis of prominent applications in this category, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.

Tips for Selecting Applications Similar to Adobe Fill & Sign

This section provides guidance for selecting the most suitable application mirroring Adobe Fill & Sign’s functionality, ensuring a decision aligned with specific organizational needs and security requirements.

Tip 1: Prioritize Security and Compliance. Evaluate the application’s security infrastructure, including encryption protocols, access controls, and compliance certifications (e.g., SOC 2, HIPAA). Data protection is paramount. Applications lacking robust security features should be avoided.

Tip 2: Assess Integration Capabilities. Determine compatibility with existing business systems, such as CRM or ERP platforms. Seamless integration streamlines workflows and minimizes data silos. Applications with open APIs or pre-built connectors are generally preferable.

Tip 3: Evaluate User Experience and Usability. Conduct thorough user testing to assess the application’s intuitiveness and ease of use. A user-friendly interface promotes adoption and minimizes training requirements. Consider a trial period to evaluate the user experience firsthand.

Tip 4: Consider Scalability and Pricing. Select an application that can scale to meet future growth requirements. Compare pricing models and evaluate the total cost of ownership, including subscription fees, support costs, and potential add-ons. Avoid solutions with restrictive limitations on document volume or user count.

Tip 5: Examine Audit Trail and Reporting Capabilities. Robust audit trail generation is essential for compliance and accountability. Ensure the application provides detailed logs of document activities, including access times, modifications, and user identities. Comprehensive reporting features facilitate monitoring and analysis of document workflows.

Tip 6: Verify Multi-Platform Accessibility. Ensure the application is accessible across multiple devices and operating systems, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Mobile accessibility enhances flexibility and productivity, enabling users to complete tasks from any location.

Selecting the appropriate application involves a comprehensive assessment of security, integration, usability, scalability, and compliance considerations. A well-informed decision minimizes risks and maximizes the benefits of electronic document workflows.

The concluding section will provide a concise summary of the key takeaways and reiterate the significance of selecting a suitable application resembling Adobe Fill & Sign.

Conclusion

The exploration of apps like Adobe Fill and Sign has illuminated their critical role in modern document management. These applications, characterized by their ability to facilitate electronic signature capture, form field recognition, and secure document handling, represent a significant shift from traditional paper-based processes. The analysis has underscored the importance of security features, workflow integration, and multi-platform accessibility as essential components of effective solutions.

The selection of appropriate apps like Adobe Fill and Sign requires careful consideration of an organization’s specific needs and compliance requirements. A judicious decision, prioritizing security, usability, and integration capabilities, will lead to enhanced efficiency, reduced operational costs, and improved overall document management practices. The continued evolution of these technologies promises further advancements in streamlining workflows and enhancing data security, making their adoption increasingly crucial for organizations seeking to optimize their operations.